The basic mechanism in a engine is to burn air and fuel mixture to produce the required motion. However if you are able to increase the total amount of air/fuel going into the cylinder this will help you in getting a very good power boost. The main reason to add turbo is to increase the capability of the engine in getting more air. There are Naturally aspirated engines also called NASP which struggle even to get 55% of the cylinder filled with air/fuel.
Even after major tuning you might still be hovering around 75% however with a turbo you can easily increase this to 120% to even 150%. A 2.0L NASP engine would be able to make something like 200bhp which is like 100bhp for every 1000cc however even a 1.6L engine used in Formula 1 can end up producing more than 1000bhp. A properly tuned 2.0L turbo car can easily zoom to 500bhp. The overall power you get from your 1.6L engine could end up being more than a V6 engine. The general way this is achieved is by pushing more air/fuel mixture into the cylinders per every cycle. Thus giving greater power.
However by pushing in more air/fuel mixture you are also causing the compression to increase. If the compression increases beyond a particular point there will be detonation. This is the igniting of the fuel before the spark plug is able to ignite it because of the higher pressure. This will be very disastrous for the engine as the piston is not in fully closed position. Ideally starting with a compression of around 7.5:1 is considered ok. You can lower the compression by putting pistons which produce lower compression.
Again the next issue is to be able to put higher quantity of fuel. If this is not done the air/fuel mixture would not be ideal thus running the engine lean. Also over fueling should be avoided at all cost. Overall you would have to spend some good hours into getting the turbo properly fitted and would need to have a bit bigger budget however the power gain from this is also substantial.
A cool video of honda civic achieving 500hp.
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